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When we think of eating disorders, we tend to think of anorexia or bulimia, as these are the most well-known, and are comparatively well-understood by the medical profession. What we might not hear so much about is pica, a complex compulsive eating disorder, where individuals eat non-food substances that have no nutritional value, such as paper, glue, chalk, stones, and even faeces.
Occasionally, pica makes the headlines because of the obscure items consumed by some individuals. The news often takes a somewhat sensationalist view, focusing on the objects that people crave. This can be unhelpful, as it paints the behaviour as shocking and extreme, but does little to foster understanding or empathy towards someone with pica.
As with any eating disorder, pica can be incredibly distressing for the individual involved, as well as those around them. Thankfully, there are steps we can take to support those with pica, and help them to overcome, or at least understand and manage, their condition.
The term ‘pica’ originates from the Eurasian word for magpie, as these birds have a reputation for eating unusual objects. Someone with pica compulsively eats things that are not food, and while this does not always lead to serious complications, it can cause tremendous harm if dangerous, or indeed toxic, substances are ingested.
Depending on the duration and severity of the condition, and the nature of the items consumed, symptoms of pica can include stomach pain, stomach ulcers, bowel problems, intestinal blockages or tears, tooth damage, and bacterial infections.
Research tells us that pica occurs for a variety of reasons:
If an individual has an iron, calcium or zinc deficiency, or has poor nutrition more generally, they may feel compelled to look for these nutrients in non-food items.
Individuals with pica may have an over-sensitivity or under-sensitivity to textures, tastes, or smells, and seek sensory feedback from consuming non-food items. For example, chewing on something made of rubber can feel satisfying.
Some individuals engage in consuming non-food substances as a coping mechanism to relieve stress, anxiety, and other difficult emotions. It can be an attempt to soothe a dysregulated nervous system, providing them with feelings of comfort and safety.
Pica can be a way for individuals to gain attention and connection from their peers, family members, or caregivers. Over time, the behaviour can become deeply ingrained, and, without support or intervention, the pattern becomes harder and harder to break.
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